The term "Close Up Photography" generally refers to images that are taken at a very close range to the subject. If we take for example a persons face, filling the frame with the face can be considered close-up, as long as there is no other elements showing in the image. If we just take a photo of a persons eye, this is even closer and is definitely classed as a close up image. So when we refer to close up photography, it is an image that closes into the subject.
Certain subjects immediately fall into the "close-up" category once the frame is filled with them. These are normally small objects such as insects, flowers, coins etc. Another term for images of these subjects is "Macro Photography". This term is generally used for images taken with macro lenses that allow the camera to get closer to the subject than ordinary standard view lenses allow. Both terms loosely mean the same thing; a photo taken at very close proximity to the subject. The main difference being the macro lens can allow a closer viewpoint.
Taking a photo of a small object doesn't necessarily class it as a close up image. It is only close up if the frame of the image is filled with the small object such as a flower or insect. Though most lenses allow the camera to get quite close, often an accessory such as close up filters or a macro lens is needed to allow the camera to get even closer. These close up tools don't magnify the subject, they simply allow the camera to focus closer.
SLR cameras are more suited for close up photos. This is because what you see through the viewfinder or LCD digital camera monitor is what will appear in the image. Cameras with a separate viewfinder such as some compact camerasmake close up images more difficult to frame. This is because the viewfinder lens view is slightly different to the view seen by the picture taking lens. Although this is not really apparent with most subjects, at close proximities it is much more apparent.
Close up photography doesn't necessarily mean having to use specialist equipment. Often an ordinary lens may do to focus in close enough, depending on the sizie of the subject. There are many accessories that can be added to SLR cameras in order for them to get closer to the subject. These include close up filters, extension tubes, lens bellows and true macro lenses. Although many cameras and lenses now boast a macro setting or 'macro mode'. These may not be as true as a specifically designed macro lens, it is simply the closest focusing setting. Specifically designed macro lenses will allow a much closer focusing distance and much sharper results.
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Source : http://www.schoolofphotography.com/courses/free-photography-tips-and-articles/58-how-to-shoot-close-up-photographs.html